Survival in black holes
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Survival Time of Black Holes in Astrophysical Environments
Survival of Black Holes Inside Neutron Stars
Research shows that when a neutron star contains a small, possibly primordial black hole at its center, the black hole will gradually consume the star through accretion. The maximum survival time of the neutron star before it is fully consumed depends mainly on the initial mass of the black hole, and only weakly on the properties of the neutron star’s matter. This means that for a wide range of neutron star types, the time it takes for the black hole to consume the star is nearly universal and set by the black hole’s starting mass. This finding is important for understanding how primordial black holes might contribute to dark matter in the universe .
Black Hole Survival Through Cosmological Bounces
In cosmological models where the universe undergoes a bounce (a contraction followed by expansion), black holes can persist through all phases—contraction, bounce, and expansion. The mass of the black hole changes with the universe’s scale factor, decreasing during contraction and increasing during expansion, but the black hole itself survives the entire process. This suggests that black holes could exist at all epochs in certain cosmological models, potentially influencing the universe after a bounce .
Long-Lived Scalar Fields Around Black Holes
Black holes can be surrounded by massive scalar fields, such as those associated with dark matter or axion-like particles. These scalar field configurations can survive for extremely long times, especially if the black hole or the scalar field mass is small. This means that both supermassive black holes and primordial black holes could host long-lived scalar fields, which may persist for cosmological timescales .
Effects of Fractal Event Horizons on Black Hole Survival
If a black hole’s event horizon has a fractal-like structure (as described by Barrow-type modifications), the black hole’s evaporation due to Hawking radiation slows down. This effect is more pronounced for smaller primordial black holes, allowing them to survive much longer than expected. Such long-lived black holes could be significant contributors to cold dark matter .
Superradiance and Survival of Boson Clouds Around Black Holes
Rotating black holes can develop clouds of ultralight bosons through a process called superradiance. In binary black hole systems, tidal effects from a companion can disrupt these clouds, but certain cloud modes (specifically, those with certain angular momentum properties) are more stable and can survive these disruptions. Surviving clouds tend to grow faster and are more detectable, which is important for searching for new particles using black holes .
Quantum Effects and the Survival of Light Primordial Black Holes
Quantum effects, such as the "memory burden," can slow down the evaporation of light primordial black holes. This means that some very light black holes could still exist today, emitting high-energy particles like neutrinos. Observations of these particles help constrain how many such black holes could have survived and their possible role in dark matter .
Conclusion
Survival in black holes depends on many factors, including their environment, the presence of surrounding fields, quantum effects, and even the structure of their event horizons. Across different scenarios—inside neutron stars, through cosmological bounces, or as primordial relics—black holes can persist for long timescales, sometimes even for the age of the universe. These findings are crucial for understanding the role of black holes in cosmic evolution and their potential contribution to dark matter 1234+2 MORE.
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