Chills causes

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Causes of Chills: Infection, Cold Exposure, and Medication

Chills and Infectious Diseases

Chills are a common symptom during the onset of acute infections, especially when bacteria invade the bloodstream. This response is often seen in the early stages of infectious diseases and is marked by muscle tremors and a strong sensation of feeling cold. The chill typically occurs some time after bacteria enter the blood, not immediately, and is considered a clinical sign of blood invasion during infection .

Chills Triggered by Cold Exposure

There is a widespread belief that being exposed to cold, such as having wet clothes or feet, can cause chills and lead to illnesses like the common cold. However, research shows that while cold exposure does not increase susceptibility to viral infections, it may trigger symptoms in people who already have a subclinical (hidden) infection. Acute cooling of the body surface, especially the feet, can cause reflex vasoconstriction in the nose and upper airways, which may reduce respiratory defenses and bring on cold symptoms in some individuals. In one study, about 10% of people who had their feet chilled developed cold symptoms, especially those who frequently suffer from colds 13.

Chills Caused by Medications

Certain medications, such as amphotericin B (used to treat fungal infections), can cause chills and fever in patients. This reaction is linked to the drug’s ability to induce the production of prostaglandin E2, a substance involved in inflammation and fever. Taking ibuprofen, which blocks prostaglandin synthesis, can significantly reduce the incidence and severity of chills caused by amphotericin B infusions .

Conclusion

Chills can be caused by several factors, including the body’s response to infection, exposure to cold (especially in those with underlying viral infections), and certain medications that trigger inflammatory responses. Understanding these causes can help in managing and preventing chills in different situations 1345.

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Most relevant research papers on this topic

Acute cooling of the body surface and the common cold.

Acute cooling of the body surface may cause reflex vasoconstriction in the nose and upper airways, potentially converting an asymptomatic subclinical viral infection into a symptomatic clinical infection.

2002·

62citations

·R. Eccles

Rhinology

Chilling Injury: A Review of Possible Causes

Chilling injury, caused by temperatures between 0° and 15°C, causes irreversible damage to tropical and subtropical species, reducing yield and quality, and understanding its causes and resistance mechanisms can help design better cultural practices and develop more resistant cultivars.

Highly Cited

1986·

78citations

·A. Markhart

HortScience·

DOI

Acute cooling of the feet and the onset of common cold symptoms.

Acute chilling of the feet can cause the onset of common cold symptoms in around 10% of subjects, but further studies are needed to determine the relationship between symptom generation and respiratory infection.

RCT

2005·

67citations

·Claire D. Johnson et al.

Family practice·

DOI

THE SPLANCHNOPERIPHERAL BALANCE DURING CHILL AND FEVER

The chill in acute infections is associated with blood invasion by bacteria, but the exact mechanism remains unclear.

1927·

15citations

·W. Petersen et al.

JAMA Internal Medicine·

DOI

Induction of prostaglandin synthesis as the mechanism responsible for the chills and fever produced by infusing amphotericin B.

Ibuprofen, a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, can reduce the incidence of chills and fever caused by amphotericin B infusions.

RCTHighly Cited

1987·

97citations

·Francis Gigliotti et al.

The Journal of infectious diseases·

DOI

Cold exposure causes cell death by depolarization-mediated Ca2+ overload in a chill-susceptible insect

Cold injury in insects is caused by cellular depolarization and Ca2+ overload, leading to necrosis/apoptosis through Ca2+-mediated necrosis/apoptosis.

In Vitro StudyHighly Cited

2018·

92citations

·J. S. Bayley et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·

DOI

An Exploratory Study of Physiological Changes during “Chills” Induced by Music

Chills induced by music are associated with significant changes in galvanic skin response and piloerection, but not significant changes in skin temperature.

Non-RCTHighly Cited

2005·

97citations

·Daniel G. Craig

Musicae Scientiae·

DOI

Effects of a high cholesterol diet on chill tolerance are highly context-dependent in Drosophila.

A high cholesterol diet can reduce acute chilling injury in warm-acclimated Drosophila flies, but may hinder cold acclimation mechanisms, making them more susceptible to chilling injury under certain conditions.

Non-RCTAnimal Study

2024·

4citations

·Mitchell C. Allen et al.

Journal of thermal biology·

DOI

Concurrent effects of cold and hyperkalaemia cause insect chilling injury

Maintaining ion balance is crucial for low temperature survival in insects, as high extracellular [K+] levels cause cell death in locust muscle tissue during cold exposure.

In Vitro Study

2015·

68citations

·Heath A. MacMillan et al.

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences·

DOI

Cold-induced depolarization of insect muscle: differing roles of extracellular K+ during acute and chronic chilling

Chill coma onset and recovery in insects are primarily caused by changes in extracellular potassium levels, with a delay in onset at temperatures below critical thermal minimum.

Non-RCTAnimal StudyHighly Cited

2014·

85citations

·Heath A. MacMillan et al.

Journal of Experimental Biology·

DOI

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