Capsule identification methods in pharmacology
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Capsule Identification Methods in Pharmacology
Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for Capsule Authentication
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, combined with chemometric analysis, is a rapid and non-destructive method for identifying counterfeit and substandard capsules. This technique can analyze capsules at various packaging levels, including intact capsules and those in PVC blisters, without opening the packaging. By comparing NIR spectra and using classification models such as SVM, OCPLS, and DD-SIMCA, researchers can accurately distinguish genuine from adulterated products. Additionally, partial least squares (PLS) regression can predict the level of adulteration in samples, making this approach highly effective for quality control in pharmaceutical production 14.
Deep Learning and Computer Vision for Capsule and Tablet Identification
Advanced deep learning techniques, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), are increasingly used for automating capsule identification. By training models like DenseNet and MobileNetV2 on images of various capsules, these systems can classify and identify capsule types with high accuracy, often exceeding 85%. Object detection algorithms such as YOLO further enhance the ability to recognize and differentiate capsules and tablets in medical images, supporting automation in manufacturing, quality control, and medication management systems 23. Capsule neural networks (CapsNet) have also shown promise in pill defect recognition, offering robust performance even with small datasets .
Electrophoresis and PCR for Gelatin Source Verification in Capsule Shells
For verifying the source of gelatin in capsule shells, especially important for halal certification, a combination of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) is used. PAGE distinguishes peptide profiles of porcine and bovine gelatin, while PCR-RFLP identifies species-specific DNA fragments. This dual approach is cost-effective and straightforward, providing reliable verification of gelatin origin in pharmaceutical capsules .
Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry for Chemical Profiling
Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS or FT-ICR-MS) enables rapid and comprehensive identification of chemical constituents in complex capsule formulations, such as traditional Chinese medicines. These methods can identify and quantify numerous compounds within a capsule, supporting both qualitative and quantitative analysis for quality consistency and pharmacological research 58.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy for Quantitative Analysis
High-resolution 1H- and 19F-NMR spectroscopy offers a fast and validated method for quantifying specific active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), in capsules. This approach provides precise structural assignment and content determination, making it suitable for large-scale screening and quality assurance in pharmaceutical products .
Conclusion
Capsule identification in pharmacology relies on a range of advanced analytical and computational methods. NIR spectroscopy with chemometrics, deep learning-based image analysis, electrophoresis and PCR for gelatin verification, chromatography-mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy each play a vital role in ensuring the authenticity, quality, and safety of pharmaceutical capsules. These methods collectively support robust quality control, regulatory compliance, and consumer safety in the pharmaceutical industry 1234+5 MORE.
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Rapid and nondestructive identification of adulterate capsules by NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics.
NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics is a rapid and non-destructive method to accurately identify counterfeit and substandard drugs, ensuring drug quality.
Advanced Object Detection for Capsules and Tablets Identification Through Deep Learning
The study developed a deep learning framework that accurately detects and identifies pills and capsules in medical photographs, potentially improving drug detection, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and quality control.
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Simultaneous identification and verification of gelatin type in capsule shells by electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction
This study developed a simple, low-cost method to identify and verify gelatin types in capsule shells, aiding in halal product assurance in Muslim countries.
Application of Capsule Network to Tablet Identification
Capsule neural networks are effective for pill defect recognition, with dynamic routing iteration rounds and compression function constant term schemes affecting performance in small data sets.
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